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  1. Example
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notched beam under cyclic loading

Previouslees frameNextrc section analysis

Last updated 3 years ago

The model scripts can be downloaded from .

This example is taken from section 1.1.7 in the manual "ABAQUS Example Problems Guide". Additional references are available:

Geometry

The model is depicted as follows.

Material Parameters

Isotropic Hardening

The same exponential function with a saturated limit is used in both AF model and the ABAQUS implementation.

k(p)=σy+ks(1−e−mp)+klp,k(p)=\sigma_y+k_s(1-e^{-mp})+k_lp,k(p)=σy​+ks​(1−e−mp)+kl​p,

in which the following parameters are used: ks=2000 MPak_s=2000~\mathrm{MPa}ks​=2000 MPa, m=0.26m=0.26m=0.26 and kl=0 MPak_l=0~\mathrm{MPa}kl​=0 MPa.

Kinematic Hardening

A slightly different rule is used in the ABAQUS implementation compared to that in the AF model. The linear part of the back stress β\betaβ is proportional to the shifted stress η\etaη, rather than its unit direction n=η∣η∣n=\dfrac{\eta}{|\eta|}n=∣η∣η​. Please refer to the description of the AF model for the meanings of those symbols.

In the ABAQUS implementation, the following rate form is used.

dβ=C1σy(s−β)p−γβp,\mathrm{d}\beta=C\dfrac{1}{\sigma_y}\left(s-\beta\right)p-\gamma\beta{}p,dβ=Cσy​1​(s−β)p−γβp,

in which C=25.5 GPaC=25.5~\mathrm{GPa}C=25.5 GPa and γ=81\gamma=81γ=81 are used.

The AF model uses the following form.

dβ=as−β∣s−β∣p−bβp.\mathrm{d}\beta=a\dfrac{s-\beta}{|s-\beta|}p-b\beta{}p.dβ=a∣s−β∣s−β​p−bβp.

In this form, the parameter CCC shall be defined as a function. For simplicity, a constant but smaller value can be used for a<Ca<Ca<C while b=γb=\gammab=γ.

Initial Condition

Initial accumulated plastic strain and back stress are defined so that

p0=0.43,β0=[128−18153000]T.p_0=0.43,\qquad\beta_0=\begin{bmatrix}128&-181&53&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}^\mathrm{T}.p0​=0.43,β0​=[128​−181​53​0​0​0​]T.

Numerical Model

The following commands can be used to define the model. Note since it is a plane strain problem, the corresponding wrapper is used. Also note due to the different implementation of kinematic hardening, exact result is not possible.

material ArmstrongFrederick 1 2.1E5 .3 2E2 2E3 0 .26 2E4 81
initial material history 1 .43 128 -181 53
material PlaneStrain 2 1

Results

The response of the root of the notch is plotted as follows.

The deformation is shown.

The model is used to model the behavior of the rolled steel. An elastic modulus of E=210 GPaE=210~\mathrm{GPa}E=210 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of u=0.3u=0.3u=0.3 are used. The initial yield stress is σy=200 MPa\sigma_y=200~\mathrm{MPa}σy​=200 MPa.

Armstrong-Frederick
here
https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620362210
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630040606
model geometry
horizontal strain v.s. horizontal stress at the root of the notch
horizontal displacement plot