Metal

To model metals, von Mises yielding criterion based models are often used.

1D

The simplest von Mises bilinear hardening model with/without linear kinematic hardening rule (Prager's rule) can be used for simple analysis tasks.

The Bilinear1D model supports both linear isotropic and kinematic hardening rules. The BilinearMises1D model is an example of derived classes of the Mises1D model and only implements the isotropic hardening.

The ExpMises1D model implements the exponential type isotropic hardening rule with a saturated stress, again there is no kinematic hardening defined.

For nonlinear kinematic hardening rule, often an Armstrong-Frederick type definition is used for modelling Bauschinger effect. Two models are available, they are the ArmstrongFredick1D model which is rate dependent and the VAFCRP1D model which is rate dependent, the corresponding viscosity is defined in a Peric style. If experiment data is available, those two models will give better simulation results for a wide range of metals.

Another model that can be used is the asymmetric SteelBRB model which is developed to simulate BRBs. It has a rheology model which reveals some insights of response.

For general phenomenological hysteresis models, the MPF model ( Menegotto-Pinto-Filippou model) and the RambergOsgood model are widely used. In terms of the determination of the model parameters, readers are referred to the related literature.

The Bouc-Wen family (BoucWen and BWBN) can be used.

3D

Apart from the MPF model and the RambergOsgood model, other models have the corresponding 3D versions.